Core terms
Glossary
Precise definitions for scientific football terminology.
A growing core set — quality over a long list. Full definition paragraphs stay in English for precision.
A
C
D
E
F
H
O
P
- Pass Network
A graph of players and completed-pass links, usually placed at average on-ball locations.
- Penalty Penalty kick
A high-xG restart during a match; shoot-outs are a separate exercise.
- Possession
A share of time or sequences with the ball, useful but rarely complete.
- Possession Value
An educational framing: usefulness is a different question from share of the ball.
- PPDA Passes Allowed Per Defensive Action
A pressing-intensity proxy: opponent passes allowed before a defensive action in a defined zone.
- Pressing
Organised attempts to win the ball by engaging opponents high or in key zones.
- Process vs Outcome
Separating how chances were generated from the final scoreline and finishing variance.
- Progressive Pass
A completed pass that moves the ball meaningfully toward the opponent's goal under a stated distance rule.
S
- Sample Size
How much evidence you have, and the quiet limit behind most metric claims.
- Set Piece
A dead-ball restart, often analysed separately from open play.
- Shot Map
A pitch plot of shots, often sized or coloured by outcome or xG.
- Stable possession / fragile possession Stable possession vs fragile possession
An event-data sketch of possessions that avoid, or invite, quick opponent progression or shots.
T
X
- xA Expected Assists
A model estimate of how often a pass becomes an assist in historical data.
- xG Expected Goals
A model estimate of how often similar shots became goals in historical data.
- xT Expected Threat (xT)
A possession-value idea that scores how ball movement changes threat before a shot exists.
For longer essays, see Concepts